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Analysis and Performance of the Excavation
for the Chicago-State Subway Renovation Project and its Effects
on Adjacent Structures
Richard J. Finno
Michele Calvello
Sebastian L. Bryson
Department of Civil Engineering
Northwestern University
September 2002
Table of Contents
TECHNICAL
REPORT DOCUMENTATION AND DISCLAIMER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
TECHNICAL
BACKGROUND
2.1 BEHAVIOR OF STIFF EXCAVATION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
IN SOFT TO MEDIUM CLAY
2.1.1 General Deflection
Behavior of Excavation Support Systems
2.1.2 Influence
of Soil Conditions
2.1.3 Influence
of System Stiffness and Installation Techniques
2.1.4 Wall Installation
Effects
2.1.5 Settlement
Behind Excavation Support Walls
2.1.5.1 Peck (1969)
2.1.5.2 Clough and O'Rourke (1990)
2.1.5.3 Hsieh and Ou (1998)
2.2 BUILDING RESPONSE DUE TO EXCAVATION-RELATED
DEFORMATIONS
2.3 PREVIOUS STUDIES TO DEFINE LIMITING CRITERIA
2.3.1 Limiting
Criteria Based on Self-Weight Settlement Only
2.3.2 Limiting
Criteria Based on Excavation-Induced Distortions
2.3.3 Summary
CHICAGO
AVENUE AND STATE STREET SUBWAY RENOVATION PROJECT OVERVIEW
3.1 GENERAL PROJECT DESCRIPTION
3.2 SUBSURFACE CONDTIONS
3.2.1 Geology
and Site Stratigraphy
3.2.2 Laboratory
and Field Testing
3.2.3 Engineering
Properties of the Soil
3.3 ADJACENT STRUCTURES
3.4 EXCAVATION SUPPORT SYSTEM DESIGN METHODOLOGY
3.5 EXCAVATION SUPPORT SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
3.6 FIELD INSTRUMENTATION
3.6.1 Ground
Instrumentation
3.6.2 Structural
Support Instrumentation
3.6.3 Adjacent
Structure Instrumentation
3.7 SUMMARY
PERFORMANCE
AND OBSERVED BEHAVIOR OF FIELD INSTRUMENTATION
4.1 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE AND PROCEDURES
4.1.1 Construction
Along the East Side of State Street
4.1.2 Construction
Along the West Side of State Street
4.1.3 Construction
Along Chicago Avenue
4.1.4 Reduction
in the Bending Stiffness of the Wall
4.2 OVERVIEW OF FIELD INSTRUMENTATION RESPONSES
4.2.1 Ground
and Building Movements
4.2.1.1 Responses along East Side of
State Street
4.2.1.2 Responses along West Side of
State Street
4.2.1.3 Responses along Chicago Avenue
4.2.2 Pore Water
Pressure Response
4.3 DETAILED OBSERVATIONS OF LATERAL MOVEMENTS
4.3.1 Stage 1-Wall
Installation
4.3.1.1 East Side of State Street
4.3.1.2 West Side of State Street
4.3.1.3 Chicago Avenue
4.3.2 Stage
2-Excavation and Support System Installation
4.3.2.1 East Side of State Street
4.3.2.2 West Side of State Street
4.3.2.3 Chicago Avenue
4.3.3 Stage 3- Renovation
and Backfill
4.3.3.1 East side of State Street
4.3.3.2 West Side of State Street
4.3.3.3 Chicago Avenue
4.3.4 Summary
of Lateral Deformations and Discussion
4.3.4.1 Incremental Lateral Soil Movements
4.3.4.2 Lateral Deformation Vectors
4.3.4.3 Comparison of Settlements and
Lateral Movements
4.4 LOADS IN CROSS-LOT BRACES AND TIEBACKS
4.5 SUMMARY
EXCAVATION-INDUCED
RESPONSE OF THE FRANCES XAVIER WARDE SCHOOL
5.1 SETTLEMENT RESPONSE
5.1.1 Settlement
Contours
5.1.2 Zones of
Sagging and Hogging
5.2 DISTORTIONS
5.2.1 Computing
Distortions from Settlement and Inclinometer Data
5.2.2 Development
of Distortions During Construction
5.2.3 Comparison
of Deflection Ratios and Distortions
5.2.4 Distribution
of Distortions
5.3 TILT OF FOUNDATION WALLS
5.4 EXCAVATION-RELATED DAMAGE
5.4.1 Damage
on the First Floor Level
5.4.2 Damage
on the Second Floor Level
5.4.3 Damage
on the Third Floor Level
5.4.4 Damage
to Exterior Walls
5.4.5 Damage
Summary
5.5 CRACK GAUGE DATA
5.6 ANALYSIS OF DAMAGE
5.6.1 Crack Types
Observed
5.6.2 Initiation
of Selected Cracks
5.6.2.1 Onset of Interior Cracking
5.6.2.2 Onset of Exterior Cracking
5.6.3 Summary
of Distortions
5.7 SUMMARY
DEEP
EXCAVATIONS: THE OBSERVATIONAL METHOD AND INVERSE ANALYSIS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 MODEL CALIBRATION BY INVERSE ANALYSIS
6.2.1 An inverse
analysis algorithm: UCODE
6.2.2 Model Fit
statistics
6.2.3 Input parameters
statistics
6.2.4 Observation
weighting
6.3 UPDATE DESIGN PREDICTIONS USING MONITORING
DATA BY INVERSE ANALYSIS
6.4 PROCEDURE VALIDATION: THE CHICAGO AND
STATE CASE STUDY
6.4.1 Finite
Element simulation of the problem
6.4.1.1 Calculation phases
6.4.1.2 Hardening-Soil model initial
calibration
6.4.2 Inverse
analysis setup
6.4.2.1 Observations and weighting
6.4.2.2 Parameterization
6.4.3 Results
6.4.3.1 Optimization based on observation
from construction stage 1
6.4.3.2 Model fit for all construction
stages
6.4.3.3 Best-fit parameters
6.4.3.4 Model statistics for all construction
stages
6.4.3.5 Comments on the calibrated model
6.5 SUMMARY
SUMMARY
AND CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A: CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY, TIME
HISTORY AND STRUCTURAL PLAN
Figure
A-1- Chicago Avenue and State Street Subway Renovation
Project Structural Staging Plan
Table
A-1- Construction Activities Time History
APPENDIX B: FIELD INSTRUMENTATION DATA
Table
B-1- Survey Data
Table
B-2- Pore Water Pressure
Table
B-3- Strut Loads
Table
B-4A- Tieback Anchor Loads at Inclinometer 2 Location
Table
B-4B- Tieback Anchor Loads at Inclinometer 1 Location
Table
B-5A- Inclinometer 1 Data: A-Axis
Table
B-5B- Inclinometer 2 Data: A-Axis
Table
B-5C- Inclinometer 4 Data: A-Axis
Table
B-5D- Inclinometer 5 Data: A-Axis
Table
B-5E- Inclinometer 5 Data: B-Axis
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